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Alina Naruszewicz-Duchlińska : Types of linguistic manipulations used in e-mail spam
The aim of this paper is to present the types of
manipulation used by spammers. Polish studies of
linguistics have not made attempts at categorising this
group of electronic mail to date and therefore this
paper presents a new element of linguistic research on
specific aspects of online communication. The
knowledge of the presented typology could help
separate the useful correspondence from malicious
messages. Nine spam categories were distinguished:
information about a bargain, alleged formalities to be
completed, pretended continuation of a contact, fake
job offers, fictitious personal advertisements, “private”
messages, alarming messages, anticipation of
suspicions, promises of financial profit. The source of
the material was 150 e-mails, which were examined
with the use of the qualitative and quantitative
analysis of the contents of the messages.
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Anna Tereszkiewicz : Przykro nam to słyszeć :( (We are sorry to hear that) – reactions of telecommunication companies to their customers’ complaints and claims published on Twitter
This paper is dedicated to telecommunication
companies’ reactions and responses to critical
opinions, complaints and claims published by their
customers on Twitter, a microblogging website. The
manner in which service providers respond to negative
comments and complaints of their customers seems
crucial in the process of creating and reinforcing
a given company’s image online. The aim of the
analysis was to determine the communication
strategies used by service providers in response to
negative comments of their customers and the impact
of such strategies on the company image and customer
relationships. Given the specificity of Twitter, the
analysis was also intended to identify the influence, if
any, of the medium on the form of the interactions and
the communication strategies employed. The research
proves that the most commonly used strategies of
reacting to customer complaints and claims are
requests for information, apologies, explanations, as
well as underestimation of the misconduct and
rejection of the complaint.
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Małgorzata Nowak : The Word of God as a product. On the methods of presenting and advertising contemporary editions of the Bible online
The object of the author’s interest is the methods
of presenting and advertising Polish-language editions
of the Bible – treated as a commercial product on the
bookselling market. The role of the sketch is
documentary, it is intended to supplement the
knowledge of online religious marketing.
Formally diversified paratexts (stretched on the
scale from a summary of the values of the publication
to collage texts with scientific inserts, to separate
websites dedicated to a publishing series or a given
edition), apart from informative fragments, contain
advertising ones, presented in the convention of an
invitation encouraging the purchase of product x, its
recommendation or a publishing request. The
publishing descriptions combine the following
discourses: informative, advertising and scientific in
the area of Bible studies and partly – in particular in
the illustrated Bibles – the history of art.
The overview of sources – conducted from the
pragmalinguistic angle – leads the author to the
conclusion that persuasive marketing strategies are
clearly marked there: the strategy of authentication,
authority, high self-esteem (sender-oriented strategies)
as well as honour and benefit (recipient-oriented
strategies). As regards the publishing distinction and
valuation of certain editions of the Bible, their
linguistic aspect (translation principles) is secondary.
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Grzegorz Majkowski : Dialogism in election leaflets
This paper touches upon the issue of dialogism on
the example of election leaflets. The source material
used were the leaflets distributed on the Polish
territory during elections to the Polish Sejm and Senate
as well as presidential and local government elections
since 1918, when Poland regained independence. It
was assumed that dialogism belongs to any text,
including a leaflet. I was acknowledged that a dialogue
is a form of language existence related to its social,
communicative nature. Characteristic textual linguistic
exponents of dialogism were distinguished:
addressative forms, e.g. Bracia Chłopi! (Fellow
Peasants!), forms with the so-called inclusive we, e.g.
M u s i m y zwyciężyć (W e m u s t win), second person
singular imperative verbs, e.g. oddaj (cast) (a vote),
przeczytaj (read), personal pronouns and their inflected
forms, e.g. proszę W a s o głos (literally: I’m asking for
y o u r votes), an official salutation państwo (you)
(a polite equivalent of the pronoun wy (you)), e.g. Będę
[...] realizował P a ń s t w a pomysły (I will… fulfil
y o u r ideas), possessive pronouns: twój (your), nasz
(our), e.g. Proszę o Twój głos (literally: I’m asking for
your vote); pomysły na rozwój N a s z e g o Miasta
(ideas for the development of o u r city), interrogatives,
e.g. Czy nie powinno być więcej żłobków […] w naszym
mieście? (Shouldn’t there be more nurseries… in our
city?). The category of dialogism expands the
knowledge of intratextual and extratextual relations.
This is how it brings the knowledge about types of
utterances closer. The example of dialogism in election
leaflets clearly demonstrates that a genre is an open
and dynamic structure which adapts to the social and
cultural context.
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Magdalena Puda-Blokesz : Everyday (non-)ancient idioms
This paper is a linguistic attempt at outlining the
area of the Polish phraseology of the ancient
provenance. It presents the meanings, abundance and
diversity of Anticisms, that is language units which are
evidence of the influence of the ancient Greek and
Roman culture on Polish. Apart from the idioms which
are really ancient, that is language units whose bond
with antiquity is real and sensed (e.g. pyrrusowe
zwycięstwo (Pyrrhic victory) or puszka Pandory
(Pandora’s box)), established formally and through
cultural motivation, there is a significant group of
commonly known petrified collocations which could be
called ancient only genetically or (non-)ancient (e.g.
marnować czas (to waste time) or o wilku mowa
(to speak of the devil)). Therefore, the expression
everyday (non-)ancient idioms covers the Anticisms
which: (1) are commonly known and used at present,
stylistically neutral, colloquial, less frequently formal,
(2) have a neutral and universal motivation related to
the observation of the reality, (3) have an identifiable
ancient source, yet their bond with the source is not
sensed by language users and the ancient textual and
cultural context of the idioms is not usually necessary
to understand their figurative meanings.
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Magdalena Hawrysz : Evaluation criteria for borrowings in the 19th century (on the margin of the book Barbaryzmy i dziwolągi językowe (Barbarisms and linguistic oddities) by Józef Bliziński)
This sketch falls into the area of research on the
language awareness of the past centuries and is
a contribution to the history of prescriptivism. It is
dedicated to borrowings and their evaluation in the
period of the partitions, when language became the
basic support for the national identification. The object
of the analysis is a small book titled Barbaryzmy
I dziwolągi językowe (Barbarisms and linguistic
oddities). The aim of this study is to identify the
evaluation criteria for borrowings which are manifest
in metalinguistic comments. The analysis of the guide
permitted the identification of 8 evaluation criteria of
such language elements. These are the categories of
nationality, adequacy, system, economy, usage,
cultural as well as literary and writer authority,
function, tradition. The criterion of aesthetics is
revealed only in the stylistic layer and should be
considered the same as nationality. The guide argues
that, although in relation to foreign-language linguistic
innovations the determinant was the prospect of
national bondage, other indicators were equally, or at
times more, important. It could be said that the
criterion which is called nationality today had an
ambiguous status even in the period of the partitions.
