-
Joanna Zaucha : The risk of continuation. About certain semantic and syntactic features of Polish expressions: itd., itp., etc., i in.
The aim of this paper is to present remarks
about syntactic and semantic features of Polish
expressions: itd., itp., etc., i in., which are called
“indicators of continuation”. The author shows that
they have a different distribution. The appearance of
a given indicator depends mainly on what kinds
of objects are enumerated in the utterance.
Presumably, their semantic content is not identical,
as well. Nevertheless indicators of continuation share
general semantic load: (i) they presuppose that it
possible to enumerate more of the type of objects the
speaker was talking about, (ii) they presuppose
the enumerated objects are not random, (iii) they
signal the speaker’s silence about what else could be
enumerate and his/her silent call for completion of
the utterance by the addressee.
The paper presents also the logical consequences
of using an indicator of continuation in the middle
or final position in a sentence. In the final section
the author discourages from using indicators of
continuation in texts that should be precise, such
as lexicographic definitions, as they introduce
unwelcomed vagueness to an utterance.
-
Alicja Wójcicka : The Polish verb [ktośi ] dał [komuśj ] do zrozumienia, że p (someone implied something to someone). A syntactic-semantic analysis
The object of this paper is a description of
syntactic and semantic properties of the Polish
predicate [ktośi] dał [komuśj] do zrozumienia, że p.
Before commencing an analysis of its meaning, the
author describes the predicate-argument structure of
this verb and discusses definitions of the verb dać do
zrozumienia (to imply) in selected dictionaries of the
contemporary Polish language. Describing semantic
properties of the examined predicate, the author
compares it with other predicates belonging to the
same group of verbs of speech, which indicate that
the addressee is required to engage in interpreting
the message. In the conclusion part, the author
presents a description of the meaning of the
discussed unit of language.
-
Katarzyna Dróżdż-Łuszczyk : Syntactic and semantic properties of the verb debatować (to debate)
This paper is dedicated to a semantic and
syntactic analysis of the lexeme debatować (to
debate). The point of departure to the presented
discussions is the observation that certain
dictionaries suggest the existence of both the relation
between debata (a debate) and debatować (to debate)
and the synonymity of debatować (to debate) and
dyskutować (to discuss). This paper presents
arguments speaking for the fact that both the
postulated relations are much more complicated. The
author focuses on a syntactic analysis in order to
make an attempt at confronting the meaning of the
lexemes debata and debatować, on the one hand, and
debatować and dyskutować, on the other hand.
The conclusion to the discussion is the statement
that the description of verbs such as debatować
or dyskutować goes beyond the discussions regarding
the speech of one person and requires consideration
for relations between individual utterances forming
a macro-dialogue.
-
Marta Zuchowicz : What does zapomnieć się (to forget oneself) mean?
The object of this paper is a semantic description
of the Polish verb ktośi zapomniał się (someone forgot
himself/herself). Firstly, the author describes special
syntactic properties of the predicate, refers to its
definitions in selected dictionaries of contemporary
Polish and compares the predicate with the verb
ktośi zapomniał się w czymśj (someone forgot
himself/herself in something). Secondly, the author
presents and characterises semantic components
of the meaning of the lexical entity ktośi zapomniał
się.
-
Joanna Kościerzyńska : The idea of a way of doing something – a sample of semantic explication
The paper discusses a problem related with
a meaning of a way of doing something. The semantic
analysis of sentences with ‘sposób’ (‘a way’) has
pointed at the simplest unit of language: ‘…w taki
sposób, że …’ (‘…such that…’). Its explication
has required a study of the occurrence and the
thematic-rhematic structure of sentences based on
this schema. Describing idea is treated as a relation
between the main action verb and the parts of reality
which deal with this action.
-
Natalia Żochowska : Semantic description of the lexical unit odruchowo (instinctively) against other adverbs concerning thinking, will and awareness
The analysis undertaken in this paper concerns
the adverb odruchowo (instinctively), which functions
in modern general Polish. In order to find semantic
components of this unit, I examine various semantic
limitations imposed thereby on verbs and I make
an attempt to explain from where such limitations
arise. I compare the adverb in question with units
such as niechcący (unintentionally), bezwiednie
(involuntarily) and bezmyślnie (thoughtlessly) in the
study. Each of the comparisons regards a different
feature of the examined unit. At the end of the paper,
I suggest semantic explication of the analysed adverb.
-
Joanna Muszyńska : Is piękny (lovely) always lovely?
The object of this paper is the usages of the
adjective piękny (lovely) and the adverb pięknie
(lovely), which are recorded in dictionaries as their
separate meanings (usually with the qualifier
ironically). The author, by overviewing this type of
utterances (five types), confirms the hypothesis that
such a meaning of the lexemes is non-existent, since
markedness is manifested at the level of parole,
belonging to the sphere of pragmatics. It results from
operations on the meaning (applying various types
of devices, such as intonation) rather than the
meaning itself and therefore it should not be treated
as such.
-
Dorota Kruk : Diachronic and synchronic description of the noun mężczyzna (a man)
The object of the analysis performed in this
paper is the lexeme mężczyzna (a man) viewed from
two perspectives: diachronic and synchronic. In part
one, which regards the history, the author
concentrates on the origin and the primary meaning
of this form (and its Proto-Slavic equivalent), as well
as on the type of the semantic transformations
undergone by mężczyzna over ages. In part two, in
turn, the author characterises the semantic,
grammatical and pragmatic properties of mężczyzna
in contemporary Polish, its syntactic properties and
collocations in which it occurs.
-
Emilia Kubicka : Where adverbs come from or why it is easier to describe adverbials than adverbs
The central problem in this paper is the way
in which the adverb exists: Is its status similar to the
status of verbs, nouns, adjectives, or maybe – when
we consider that the adverb is usually derived from
other parts of speech, like adjectives or nouns –
it “does not really exist”? This question evokes further
ones: How “real” are parts of speech? What is the
difference between them and the categories of speech
which are considered as universal? Is it possible to
compare adverbs (verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc.) in
different languages?
In spite of these difficulties, the author tries to
defend the thesis that the adverb – considered
as Coseriu’s category of speech – really exists.
-
Marzena Stępień : Metatextuality as a characteristic of parenthetical expressions
The aim of this paper is to establish whether
metatextuality is a feature of parenthetical
expressions. Firstly, I refer to M. Grochowski’s [1983]
paper on metatextuality and parenthesis. Secondly,
I look into the expressions which meet the conditions
of parenthesis and how they are presented in selected
Polish linguistic studies. Afterwards, I organise the
gathered expressions into classes and try to verify
the hypothesis about their potential metatextuality.
-
Piotr Batko : On “saved sentences”
This paper addresses the issue of the so-called
“saved sentences”. The latter are defined here as
phrases which are aimed at testing the semantic
component of a certain expression and receive
a qualification ‘semantically correct’, but only at the
second attempt; at first they are judged as deviant
(negative linguistic material). What makes them
acceptable is first of all the unique feature of natural
language to render diverse meanings coherent, yet
the procedures of (moral) relativisation and thought
experiment are also crucial here. The author
illustrates the aforementioned operations with
examples derived from the relevant literature, as well
as with his own examples.
